Abstract

Amos Fang Zeh*, Baba Adamu, Tata Emmanuel Sunjo, Nkemasong Nicasius Anumveh, Chiambah Charity Zetem,Aminkeng Lucienne Fuanyi

Escalating populations, rapid urbanization, and the intensifying impacts of climate change are exacerbating water scarcity, pushing communities worldwide to seek alternative and often unregulated water sources. This has led to a significant increase in reliance on groundwater, particularly through borehole construction, especially in urban centers of developing nations. The development of boreholes has grown over the years to stabilize water demand in Buea despite it associated challenges. This study therefore aimed to assess the trends and challenges of borehole construction for sustainable water management in Buea. An observatory study design was adopted, utilizing a mixed-methods approach to collect both primary and secondary data. A preliminary field survey provided initial insights into construction trends and associated challenges. Quantitative data were gathered through questionnaires administered to 300 randomly selected households, while qualitative data were obtained via key informant interviews, and extensive field observations. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data, and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. Results indicated a significant increase in borehole construction, with over 500 boreholes identified in Buea, far exceeding past figures in the past three decades due to population increase and changing lifestyle. This uncontrolled proliferation has led to negative environmental consequences, notably groundwater contamination and damage to surrounding ecosystems, often attributed to improper site selection and a lack of necessary permits. Challenges encountered in borehole construction included difficulties in obtaining permits, the engagement of inexperienced engineers, and high construction costs. Statistical analysis (Chi-square value of 11.7, greater than the critical value of 5.99 at 6 degrees of freedom) confirmed that borehole construction has significant implications for the population in Buea. Regarding coping strategies, while a majority (50.5%) of households actively adopts water-saving practices and community-based initiatives like rainwater harvesting are emerging, there is high support for government subsidy programs (7.5%), public education campaigns (7%), and strengthening water conservation policies (6.5%). Addressing these issues necessitates comprehensive strategies covering infrastructure development, efficient management practices, equitable access to water resources, public health initiative promotion, education and sanitization, effective policy implementation and monitoring systems, subsidization, investment among others.